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VIX and Tax promises lulling equity investors into a false sense of security

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VIX and Tax promises lulling equity investors into a false sense of security equities have started the year in an amazingly tranquil way. Under such calm,

Equity Research – VIX and Tax promises lulling equity investors into a false sense of security

Summary

US equities have started the year in an amazingly tranquil way. Under such calm, the Dow and S&P500 have reached record levels. Consensus is optimistic, expecting corporate earnings growth of 21% this year, while the VIX is exceptionally low.

However, other indicators do not share such a placid view of the world. For example, government bond yields have remained low, indicating that risk appetite has not normalised.

We believe the VIX and corporate tax cut promises are lulling some investors into a false sense of security. Leaving equity markets vulnerable to a sell-off in the event of further interest rate rises and disappointment from the US political administration.

The VIX is exceptionally low

The VIX, a perceived measure of market risk highlights that there is little fear in the market at present. This year it has averaged 11.2, well below its long-term average of 19.6, putting this in context, only 4% of the time is it ever this low. On the one hand, good corporate earnings, the prospect for corporate tax cuts and expected infrastructure spending could justify such optimism, but on the other hand, we find it puzzling that political volatility in both the US and Europe is not being reflected in the VIX.

The unwinding of loose monetary policy and the potential unravelling of asset bubbles that this loose policy has created has driven up the demand for precious metals such as gold and certain other alternative investments higher. However, the VIX fails to mirror this rise in fear. This has led us to question whether the VIX is still a valid expression of market risk.

The VIX is understating risk

In an attempt to answer this question we have created a model of the VIX, using the Global Financial Stress Index (GFSI) in combination with the US Economic Policy Uncertainty Index. The former was developed by Bank of America Merrill Lynch, and measures a broad set of risk measures, hedging demand and investor appetite for risk. The latter is measure news story counts related to economic policy, uncertainty and legislation. The model, calibrated with data from 2001 until 2014, very closely tracked the VIX (with an r-squared measure of 0.9). However, recently there has been a widening deviation between model results and actual values. We believe this implies that the VIX is abnormally low. Our model suggests the VIX should be at 20, a level that is usually associated with much higher market risk.

(click to enlarge)

The term structure of the VIX, a reflection of investors future perception of volatility, is rising, suggesting investors are concerned for higher future volatility. At 9 months out volatility is expected to rise to 18, but it remains well below our model estimate of 20.

The steep term structure of the VIX is likely a result of years of loose monetary policy, the steep term structure gives yield hungry investors who are short the VIX a yield (carry trade). It is also a reflection of investors’ fears for the future, but this term steep term structure has been present for many years despite the VIX reaching new lows. In some ways, the carry trade and fears for the future are feeding off each other.

Financialisation of VIX futures

Some have suggested that the VIX is low due to:

  • Unstable macro events, a broad rise in the S&P500 is masking unusually low correlation between market sectors and individual stocks. Though this does not fully explain why the VIX has been deviating from our model, as this is a recent phenomenon.
  • CFTC futures on the VIX highlight much higher net positioning volatility; this has persisted since Ben Bernanke’s speech discussing tapering of quantitative easing in May 2013. It suggests increasingly divergent views on volatility.
  • An increase in demand for financial products that promise protection from rises in the VIX and market volatility. We have seen a large rise in shares outstanding for long VIX ETFs, while short VIX ETFs shares outstanding have fallen commensurately.

(click to enlarge)

  • Conversely, low interest rates and the consequent hunt for yield from investors has led to some investors to short the VIX, to take advantage positive yield generated from the persistently steep term structure.
  • We believe the VIX is artificially low because of CFTC positioning, while being volatile, it shows investors are close to the largest net short position in history.

What concerns us is that CFTC net positioning on the VIX is at record low levels suggesting many investors are taking advantage of this carry trade. The low VIX has created a perception of low risk in the markets, pulling down realised volatility on the S&P 500. Perversely, low equity volatility could be a factor driving the Fed to raise interest rates in March, but higher rates could prompt a disorderly unwind of this short positioning given that it is so extended at present.

Market pricing is looking stretched

This comes at a time when equity markets are making new all-time-highs and investor sentiment has reached peak bullishness according to the American Association of Individual Investors survey. Corporate earnings have been good, with 75% of delivered results beating expectations while growth in both earnings and sales continue to recover. Although valuations on the S&P500 are now becoming stretched, with trailing Price/Earnings multiples now at 22x, the highest point since 2002 and consensus earnings growth for 2017 is 21%, well above the average annual growth of 4.7%.

Tax reform disappointment

We question if it is right for investors to be so optimistic when valuations are so high. It seems that some of the large rise earnings growth is due to the base effect caused by the expected recovery in earnings in the oil sector. However, the main reason for such optimism is the prospect of corporate tax cuts, coupled with a tax amnesty on repatriating corporate cash piles. These could lead to an increase in share buybacks, boosting earnings. We believe it is likely that these promised tax reforms could be delayed given the need to be approved by Congress and the divisions in the Republican Party. Furthermore, without the revenue from a border tax, it’s difficult to see approval in Congress without a new source of revenue.

Profit margin squeeze to continue

Profit margins have peaked and have been trending downwards in recent years. We expect this trend to continue despite the renewed optimism for economic growth, primarily due to rising labour competition. The National Federation of Independent Business has reported a continued rise in unfilled job openings highlighting the increased difficulty employers face in finding skilled labour. That has pushed up wages, which account for roughly 70% of the average company’s costs.

(click to enlarge)

In short, we believe equity markets are becoming too complacent, valuations are high at a time when margins are likely to be squeezed further, whilst many promised tax cuts may not come to fruition this year. Furthermore, we believe the VIX is lulling some investors into a false sense of security when holding equities. These factors leave equity markets vulnerable to a sell-off in the event of further interest rate rises and continued lack of clarity from the US political administration.

Important Information

General

This communication has been issued and approved for the purpose of section 21 of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 by ETF Securities (UK) Limited (“ETFS UK”) which is authorised and regulated by the United Kingdom Financial Conduct Authority (the “FCA”). The information contained in this communication is for your general information only and is neither an offer for sale nor a solicitation of an offer to buy securities.

This communication should not be used as the basis for any investment decision. Historical performance is not an indication of future performance and any investments may go down in value.

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iShares och Franklin Templeton listar nya ETFer på Xetra

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iShares S&P 500 3% Capped UCITS ETF investerar i de 500 största amerikanska företagen från de ledande branscherna i den amerikanska ekonomin, där inget enskilt företag står för mer än 3 procent av indexviktningen.

iShares S&P 500 3% Capped UCITS ETF investerar i de 500 största amerikanska företagen från de ledande branscherna i den amerikanska ekonomin, där inget enskilt företag står för mer än 3 procent av indexviktningen.

Franklin S&P 500 Screened UCITS ETF investerar i de nuvarande 408 största amerikanska företagen i S&P 500-indexet som anses vara miljömedvetna och socialt ansvarsfulla. Viktningen av företag justeras baserat på deras S&P Global ESG-poäng för att uppnå ett bättre totalt ESG-poäng än huvudindexet.

Franklin S&P World Screened UCITS ETF investerar i stora och medelstora företag från 24 utvecklade länder världen över som anses vara miljömedvetna och socialt ansvarsfulla. Viktningen av företag justeras baserat på deras S&P Global ESG-poäng för att uppnå ett bättre totalt ESG-poäng än S&P World Index.

NamnISIN
Kortnamn
AvgiftUtdelnings-
policy
iShares S&P 500 3% Capped UCITS ETF USD (Acc)IE000YIXESS9
SP3C (EUR)
0,20%Ackumulerande
Franklin S&P 500 Screened UCITS ETF (Acc)IE0006FAD976
FSPU (EUR)
0,09%Ackumulerande
Franklin S&P World Screened UCITS ETF (Acc)IE0006WOV4I9
FSPW (EUR)
0,14%Ackumulerande

Produktutbudet inom Deutsche Börses ETF- och ETP-segment omfattar för närvarande totalt 2 404 ETFer, 198 ETCer och 256 ETNer. Med detta urval och en genomsnittlig månatlig handelsvolym på mer än 21 miljarder euro är Xetra den ledande handelsplatsen för ETFer och ETPer i Europa.

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BE28 ETF företagsobligationer med förfall 2028 och inget annat

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Invesco BulletShares 2028 EUR Corporate Bond UCITS ETF EUR Dis (BE28 ETF) med ISIN IE000LKGEZQ6, försöker följa Bloomberg 2028 Maturity EUR Corporate Bond Screened-index. Bloomberg 2028 Maturity EUR Corporate Bond Screened Index följer företagsobligationer denominerade i EUR. Indexet speglar inte ett konstant löptidsintervall (som är fallet med de flesta andra obligationsindex). Istället ingår endast obligationer som förfaller under det angivna året (här: 2028) i indexet. Indexet består av ESG (environmental, social and governance) screenade företagsobligationer. Betyg: Investment Grade. Löptid: december 2028 (Denna ETF kommer att stängas efteråt).

Invesco BulletShares 2028 EUR Corporate Bond UCITS ETF EUR Dis (BE28 ETF) med ISIN IE000LKGEZQ6, försöker följa Bloomberg 2028 Maturity EUR Corporate Bond Screened-index. Bloomberg 2028 Maturity EUR Corporate Bond Screened Index följer företagsobligationer denominerade i EUR. Indexet speglar inte ett konstant löptidsintervall (som är fallet med de flesta andra obligationsindex). Istället ingår endast obligationer som förfaller under det angivna året (här: 2028) i indexet. Indexet består av ESG (environmental, social and governance) screenade företagsobligationer. Betyg: Investment Grade. Löptid: december 2028 (Denna ETF kommer att stängas efteråt).

Den börshandlade fondens TER (total cost ratio) uppgår till 0,10 % p.a.. Invesco BulletShares 2028 EUR Corporate Bond UCITS ETF EUR Dis är den billigaste ETF som följer Bloomberg 2028 Maturity EUR Corporate Bond Screened index. ETFen replikerar resultatet för det underliggande indexet genom samplingsteknik (köper ett urval av de mest relevanta indexbeståndsdelarna). Ränteintäkterna (kuponger) i ETFen delas ut till investerarna (kvartalsvis).

Invesco BulletShares 2028 EUR Corporate Bond UCITS ETF EUR Dis är en mycket liten ETF med 1 miljon euro tillgångar under förvaltning. Denna ETF lanserades den 18 juni 2024 och har sin hemvist i Irland.

Produktbeskrivning

Invesco BulletShares 2028 EUR Corporate Bond UCITS ETF Dist syftar till att tillhandahålla den totala avkastningen för Bloomberg 2028 Maturity EUR Corporate Bond Screened Index (”Referensindexet”), minus påverkan av avgifter. Fonden har en fast löptid och kommer att upphöra på Förfallodagen. Fonden delar ut intäkter på kvartalsbasis.

Referensindexet är utformat för att återspegla resultatet för EUR-denominerade, investeringsklassade, fast ränta, skattepliktiga skuldebrev emitterade av företagsemittenter. För att vara kvalificerade för inkludering måste företagsvärdepapper ha minst 300 miljoner euro i nominellt utestående belopp och en effektiv löptid på eller mellan 1 januari 2028 och 31 december 2028.

Värdepapper är uteslutna om emittenter: 1) är inblandade i kontroversiella vapen, handeldvapen, militära kontrakt, oljesand, termiskt kol eller tobak; 2) inte har en kontroversnivå enligt definitionen av Sustainalytics eller har en Sustainalytics-kontroversnivå högre än 4; 3) anses inte följa principerna i FN:s Global Compact; eller 4) kommer från tillväxtmarknader.

Portföljförvaltarna strävar efter att uppnå fondens mål genom att tillämpa en urvalsstrategi, som inkluderar användning av kvantitativ analys, för att välja en andel av värdepapperen från referensindexet som representerar hela indexets egenskaper, med hjälp av faktorer som index- vägd genomsnittlig varaktighet, industrisektorer, landvikter och kreditkvalitet. När en företagsobligation som innehas av fonden når förfallodag kommer de kontanter som fonden tar emot att användas för att investera i kortfristiga EUR-denominerade skulder utgivna av det amerikanska finansdepartementet.

ETFen förvaltas passivt.

En investering i denna fond är ett förvärv av andelar i en passivt förvaltad indexföljande fond snarare än i de underliggande tillgångarna som ägs av fonden.

Förfallodag: den andra onsdagen i december 2028 eller sådant annat datum som bestäms av styrelseledamöterna och meddelas aktieägarna.

Handla BE28 ETF

Invesco BulletShares 2028 EUR Corporate Bond UCITS ETF EUR Dis (BE28 ETF) är en europeisk börshandlad fond. Denna fond handlas på flera olika börser, till exempel Deutsche Boerse Xetra och Borsa Italiana.

Det betyder att det går att handla andelar i denna ETF genom de flesta svenska banker och Internetmäklare, till exempel DEGIRONordnet, Aktieinvest och Avanza.

Börsnoteringar

BörsValutaKortnamn
Borsa ItalianaEURBE28
XETRAEURBE28

Största innehav

NamnCUSIPISINKupongräntaVikt %
Volkswagen Leasing GmbH 3.875% 11/10/28D9T70CNQ3XS27457251553.8752.20%
Swedbank AB 4.25% 11/07/28W94240FJ7XS25724966234.2501.63%
ABN AMRO Bank NV 4.375% 20/10/28N0R37XLP3XS26136587104.3751.62%
Carlsberg Breweries AS 4% 05/10/28K3662HDY6XS26960464604.0001.60%
RCI Banque SA 4.875% 14/06/28F7S48DSE5FR001400IEQ04.8751.59%
Booking Holdings Inc 3.625% 12/11/28XS26210072313.6251.59%
Banco Santander SA 3.875% 16/01/28E2R99DB46XS25759526973.8751.58%
Nordea Bank Abp 4.125% 05/05/28X5S8VP8C3XS26189065854.1251.58%
E.ON SE 3.5% 12/01/28D2T8J8CT1XS25748732663.5001.57%
General Motors Financial Co Inc 3.9% 12/01/28U37047BA1XS27472706303.9001.57%

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Trump’s trade war puts Bitcoin in the spotlight

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Since U.S. President Donald Trump announced tariffs on April 2, termed "Liberation Day," global markets have experienced significant volatility. The S&P 500 shed $5.83 trillion in market value over just four days, marking its steepest drop since the 1950s. Asian markets saw their worst session since 2008, reflecting widespread fears of an economic slowdown.

Since U.S. President Donald Trump announced tariffs on April 2, termed ”Liberation Day,” global markets have experienced significant volatility. The S&P 500 shed $5.83 trillion in market value over just four days, marking its steepest drop since the 1950s. Asian markets saw their worst session since 2008, reflecting widespread fears of an economic slowdown.

The U.S. 10-year Treasury yields initially fell below 4% as investors sought safety, but by April 8-9, they surged to a seven-week high of 4.515%. This spike, driven by bond market sell-offs potentially from basis trading or China’s strategic moves to pressure U.S. negotiations, suggests a precarious economic situation rather than risk-on sentiment.

On April 9, President Trump announced a 90-day pause on tariffs for most countries (excluding China, where tariffs jumped to 145%) in an effort to give markets time to absorb the changes and calm volatility. The move sparked a broad rally, with the S&P 500 surging 9.5% for its best day since 2008 and Bitcoin rebounding above $80,000 after a turbulent stretch.

Bitcoin is macro now

Despite persistent concerns about crypto volatility, Bitcoin’s price over the past two weeks has closely mirrored the S&P 500 and has actually been less volatile. This alignment reflects Bitcoin’s growing maturity as an asset class and highlights its resilience. As a highly liquid and accessible asset, it continues to attract investors looking for relative value in turbulent markets.

Sentiment shifts toward crypto ETFs

Spot Bitcoin ETFs recorded $700 million in outflows, while Ethereum ETFs lost $400 million since March, marking a sharp reversal after nine consecutive months of inflows. The pullback points to growing institutional caution amid broader macro uncertainty. Still, on-chain data reveals that long-term holders have been steadily accumulating since January lows, signaling continued confidence in the asset class.

Macroeconomic uncertainty takes center stage

The latest U.S. CPI print came in at 2.4%, which was lower than expected. A rate cut in May still seems premature as markets assess the full impact of new protectionist measures. Federal Reserve Chair Jerome Powell has warned that tariffs could raise inflation while slowing growth. As a result, the probability of three rate cuts in 2025 now exceeds 60%. Declining yields may be an early signal of future monetary easing, which could favor risk assets like crypto if economic pressures intensify.

Bitcoin: Dollar’s ally or alternative?

In the face of policy uncertainty, the debate around the U.S. dollar’s reserve currency status is gaining momentum. With its decentralized and censorship-resistant design, Bitcoin is emerging as both a potential complement and challenger to the dollar, especially as the U.S. increasingly wields its currency as a geopolitical tool through tariffs and sanctions.

Meanwhile, Bitcoin’s fundamentals remain solid. Hashrate is at all-time highs, regulatory clarity is improving, and long-term holders continue to accumulate. With prices consolidating above $80K, the current correction may offer a strategic opportunity for investors positioning for the next leg of growth, particularly as the macro picture evolves.

Research Newsletter

Each week the 21Shares Research team will publish our data-driven insights into the crypto asset world through this newsletter. Please direct any comments, questions, and words of feedback to research@21shares.com

Disclaimer

The information provided does not constitute a prospectus or other offering material and does not contain or constitute an offer to sell or a solicitation of any offer to buy securities in any jurisdiction. Some of the information published herein may contain forward-looking statements. Readers are cautioned that any such forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and involve risks and uncertainties and that actual results may differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements as a result of various factors. The information contained herein may not be considered as economic, legal, tax or other advice and users are cautioned to base investment decisions or other decisions solely on the content hereof.

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