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Is the Bitcoin Halving already priced in?

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We expect the Bitcoin Halving to occur on the 20th April at around 18:20 GMT assuming an average block time of around 10 minutes

• We expect the Bitcoin Halving to occur on the 20th April at around 18:20 GMT assuming an average block time of around 10 minutes

• Bitcoin Halvings are best understood as supply shock – historical Halving events were followed by very significant price appreciations in the past

• The quantitative analysis suggests that the performance differences 100 days after the Halving are so significant that it is unlikely to be random; we conclude that the Halving is most likely not “priced in”


The historical track record

The Bitcoin Halving is probably the most anticipated event in Bitcoin and cryptoassets in general.

As the name suggests, the block subsidy, that is the reward miners receive for finding the right hash and secure the blockchain, will be cut in half at that event.

In other words, the supply growth of bitcoins will decline by -50%.

The Halving is an essential feature of the Bitcoin protocol that not only ensures a decreasing disinflationary supply growth schedule but also ultimately ensures that the Bitcoin circulating supply will converge towards a maximum of 21 million coins.

We already had 3 Halvings in the past since the genesis of Bitcoin which happened in 2012, 2016, and 2020, respectively.

These Halvings saw the block subsidy cut in half from initially 50 BTC to 25 BTC, from 25 BTC to 12.5 BTC, and from 12.5 BTC to 6.125 BTC now.

At the time of writing, we expect the Bitcoin Halving to occur around the 20th of April 2024 at around 19:20 GMT, assuming an average block time of 10 minutes.

At that time, the Bitcoin block subsidy will be reduced by -50% again, from 6.25 BTC to 3.125 BTC.

As Bitcoin blocks get mined approximately every 10 minutes, this implies that the daily supply issuance of bitcoins will fall from ~900 BTC to ~450 BTC per day.

The Bitcoin Halving is best thought of as a supply shock.

Assuming a constant flow of demand for bitcoins, the reduction in the supply flow of bitcoins should theoretically lead to a higher equilibrium price for bitcoins – prices need to adjust higher to accommodate the lower flow of supply.

In fact, historical Bitcoin Halvings were followed by a very significant increase in the price of Bitcoin in the months following the event.

More specifically, the post-Halving performance of Bitcoin was around ~17x (~1800%) 500 days after the Halving averaged across the last 3 Halvings.

Is the Bitcoin Halving priced in?

Traditional investors are usually puzzled by the significant post-Halving performance in the past and tend to think that the upcoming Halving is already priced in.

The reason is that the dominant Efficient Market Hypothesis assumes that any public information should be immediately reflected in the price. Since the Halving date and the effect are publicly known, the logic goes that this and subsequent Halving events should already be reflected in the price in advance, i.e. “priced in”.

We tried to analyse this question by asking the following question:

If the Bitcoin Halving was not significant, then there should be no significant performance difference X days after the Halving date relative to X days before the Halving date?

The following bar chart shows the respective performance differences in the upper panel while the lower panel shows the respective T-value of those performance differences.

Here are some key observations from the analysis:

• There has been no significant performance difference until around 100 days after the Halving

• After 100 days following the Halving, performance differences become increasingly statistically significant

• The performance effect of the Halving tends to be highest at 400 days after the Halving

The results suggest that the performance difference after 100 days after the Halving has been so significant that it is unlikely to be random and pure coincidence.

These observations are also consistent with the fundamental on-chain mechanics that happen around the Halving.

If the price increased in anticipation of the Halving, Bitcoin miners would start selling more than their daily mined supply which would in turn suppress the price again. After the Halving, Bitcoin miners will be limited to sell more bitcoins by the decrease in block subsidy which is why the price will find a higher equilibrium.

In fact, we tend to see increased selling by miners, i.e. miners selling even more than the mine on a daily basis, whenever prices increased above their average marginal cost of production. However, this amount of selling cannot be sustained after Halving.

In general, we still expect prices to converge to a higher equilibrium price in 2024 et seqq. due to the positive effect of the Halving and increasing scarcity.

More specifically, our model suggests that Bitcoin’s equilibrium price could increase to 103k USD by the end of 2024, to 172k USD by the end of 2025 and ultimately to 215k USD by the end of the next Bitcoin epoch in 2028.

–> We therefore conclude that the Bitcoin Halving is most likely not priced in.

This model also assumes that the effect from the Halving will not be visible immediately but will be reflected gradually over time as the supply deficit induced by the Halving itself accumulates only gradually over time.

This model even factors in the fact that the effect from every Halving is bound to marginally decrease over time, unlike the stock-to-flow that assumes that the effect of the Halving is increasing exponentially with every Halving. Thus, the abovementioned estimates are rather conservative.


Bottom Line

• We expect the Bitcoin Halving to occur on the 20th April at around 18:20 GMT assuming an average block time of around 10 minutes

• Bitcoin Halvings are best understood as supply shock – historical Halving events were followed by very significant price appreciations in the past

• The quantitative analysis suggests that the performance differences 100 days after the Halving are so significant that it is unlikely to be random; we conclude that the Halving is most likely not “priced in”


Disclaimer

Important Information

The information provided in this material is for informative purposes only and does not constitute investment advice, a recommendation or solicitation to conclude a transaction. This document (which may be in the form of a blogpost, research article, marketing brochure, press release, social media post, blog post, broadcast communication or similar instrument – we refer to this category of communications generally as a “document” for purposes of this disclaimer) is issued by ETC Issuance GmbH (the “issuer”), a limited company incorporated under the laws of Germany, having its corporate domicile in Germany. This document has been prepared in accordance with applicable laws and regulations (including those relating to financial promotions). If you are considering investing in any securities issued by ETC Group, including any securities described in this document, you should check with your broker or bank that securities issued by ETC Group are available in your jurisdiction and suitable for your investment profile.

Exchange-traded commodities/cryptocurrencies, or ETPs, are a highly volatile asset and performance is unpredictable. Past performance is not a reliable indicator of future performance. The market price of ETPs will vary and they do not offer a fixed income. The value of any investment in ETPs may be affected by exchange rate and underlying price movements. This document may contain forward-looking statements including statements regarding ETC Group’s belief or current expectations with regards to the performance of certain asset classes. Forward-looking statements are subject to certain risks, uncertainties and assumptions, and there can be no assurance that such statements will be accurate and actual results could differ materially. Therefore, you must not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements. This document does not constitute investment advice nor an offer for sale nor a solicitation of an offer to buy any product or make any investment. An investment in an ETC that is linked to cryptocurrency, such as those offered by ETC Group, is dependent on the performance of the underlying cryptocurrency, less costs, but it is not expected to match that performance precisely. ETPs involve numerous risks including, among others, general market risks relating to underlying adverse price movements and currency, liquidity, operational, legal, and regulatory risks.

For more details and the full disclaimer visit

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Betydande nedskärningar i flygtrafiken på grund av minskade resor till USA

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United Airlines kommer att göra betydande nedskärningar på grund av nedgången i internationella resor till och från USA. Det amerikanska flygbolaget kommer bland annat att

United Airlines kommer att göra betydande nedskärningar på grund av nedgången i internationella resor till och från USA. Det amerikanska flygbolaget kommer bland annat att

• Stänga eller minska avgångarna på en mängd olika rutter 2025-2026

• Ta bort ett antal äldre 767, 757 och 777 flygplan från flottan

• Prognostiserade uppsägningar efter 12-24 månader, vilket förväntas vara betydande nedskärningar.

Första rutten som United Airlines ställer in är Boeing 737 MAX8-tjänsten mellan Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) och Toronto Pearson International Airport (YYZ). Rutten, som skulle börja den 22 maj 2025, togs i all tysthet bort från Uniteds hemsida.

Uniteds äldsta operativa Boeing 777-200 N777UA och #7 på produktionslinjen är 30 år gammal

Uniteds äldsta operativa Boeing 757-200 N58101 är 31 år gammal

Uniteds äldsta operativa Boeing 767-300 N641UA är 34 år gammal

Rutter till destinationer som Australien, Asien och Europa har upplevt en klar minskning av bokningar för nästan alla flygbolag

Ett flygbolag erbjuder resor från Sydney till Los Angeles (med mellanlandning i Nadi, Fiji) för AUD$625 / USD$396 inklusive skatter/bagage/måltider tur och retur. Analytiker säger att om nedgången fortsätter riskerar rutter att ställas in och kommentarer tyder på att dessa prisnivåer bara återvinner bränsle som bränts per sittplats

Börshandlade fonder för att investera i resor och turism

Alla tre börshandlade fonder som investerar i resor och turism handlas på tyska Xetra. Det betyder att det går att handla andelar i dessa ETFer genom de flesta svenska banker och Internetmäklare, till exempel  NordnetSAVRDEGIRO och Avanza.

Namn
ISIN
KortnamnAvgift
%
Utdelnings-
policy
HemvistReplikerings-
metod
iShares STOXX Europe 600 Travel & Leisure UCITS ETF (DE)
DE000A0H08S0
EXV90,46%UtdelandeTysklandFysisk replikation
HANetf The Travel UCITS ETF
IE00BMFNW783
7RIP0,69%AckumulerandeIrlandFysisk replikation
Invesco European Travel Sector UCITS ETF
IE00B5MJYC95
SC0R0,20%AckumulerandeIrlandSyntetisk replikation

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AXQE ETF för den som tror på emerging markets men inte Kina

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AXA IM MSCI Emerging Markets ex-China Equity PAB UCITS ETF EUR Hedged Acc (AXQE ETF) med ISIN IE000Y65F5C2, försöker följa MSCI Emerging Markets ex China Climate Paris Aligned (EUR Hedged) index. MSCI Emerging Markets ex China Climate Paris Aligned (EUR Hedged)-index spårar aktier från tillväxtmarknadsländer (exklusive Kina). Indexet syftar till att ge större vikt till företag som gynnas av omställningen till en ekonomi med lägre koldioxidutsläpp. Dessutom beaktas EU:s direktiv om klimatskydd. Moderindexet är MSCI Emerging Markets ex China. Valuta säkrad till euro (EUR).

AXA IM MSCI Emerging Markets ex-China Equity PAB UCITS ETF EUR Hedged Acc (AXQE ETF) med ISIN IE000Y65F5C2, försöker följa MSCI Emerging Markets ex China Climate Paris Aligned (EUR Hedged) index. MSCI Emerging Markets ex China Climate Paris Aligned (EUR Hedged)-index spårar aktier från tillväxtmarknadsländer (exklusive Kina). Indexet syftar till att ge större vikt till företag som gynnas av omställningen till en ekonomi med lägre koldioxidutsläpp. Dessutom beaktas EUs direktiv om klimatskydd. Moderindexet är MSCI Emerging Markets ex China. Valutasäkrad till euro (EUR).

Den börshandlade fondens TER (total cost ratio) uppgår till 0,30 % p.a. AXA IM MSCI Emerging Markets ex-China Equity PAB UCITS ETF EUR Hedged Acc är den enda ETF som följer MSCI Emerging Markets ex China Climate Paris Aligned (EUR Hedged) index. ETFen replikerar det underliggande indexets prestanda genom full replikering (köper alla indexbeståndsdelar). Utdelningarna i ETFen ackumuleras och återinvesteras.

AXA IM MSCI Emerging Markets ex-China Equity PAB UCITS ETF EUR Hedged Acc är en mycket liten ETF med tillgångar på 0 miljoner euro under förvaltning. Denna ETF lanserades den 11 februari 2025 och har sin hemvist i Irland.

Investeringsmål

Att försöka förse investerare med resultatet av MSCI EM ex China Climate Paris Aligned Index (indexet), minus fondens avgifter och utgifter, samtidigt som man strävar efter att minimera tracking error mellan fondens nettotillgångsvärde och index.

Handla AXQE ETF

AXA IM MSCI Emerging Markets ex-China Equity PAB UCITS ETF EUR Hedged Acc (AXQE ETF) är en europeisk börshandlad fond. Denna fond handlas på flera olika börser, till exempel Deutsche Boerse Xetra.

Det betyder att det går att handla andelar i denna ETF genom de flesta svenska banker och Internetmäklare, till exempel  Nordnet, SAVR, DEGIRO och Avanza.

Börsnoteringar

BörsValutaKortnamn
XETRAEURAXQE
gettexEURAXQE

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iShares € Corp Bond Enhanced Active UCITS ETF börjar handlas på Xetra och Frankfurtbörsen

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iShares € Corp Bond Enhanced Active UCITS ETF förvaltas aktivt och investerar främst i euro-denominerade räntebärande värdepapper med investeringsgrad från utvecklade marknadsföretag. Upp till 20 procent av tillgångarna kan placeras i obligationer från tillväxtmarknader.

iShares € Corp Bond Enhanced Active UCITS ETF förvaltas aktivt och investerar främst i euro-denominerade räntebärande värdepapper med investeringsgrad från utvecklade marknadsföretag. Upp till 20 procent av tillgångarna kan placeras i obligationer från tillväxtmarknader.

NamnISIN
kortnamn
AvgiftUtdelnings-
policy
iShares € Corp Bond Enhanced Active UCITS ETF EUR (Acc)IE000BUIVY49
EUEB (EUR)
0,20%Ackumulerande

Produktutbudet inom Deutsche Börses ETF & ETP-segment omfattar för närvarande totalt 2 398 ETFer, 198 ETCer och 255 ETNer. Med detta urval och en genomsnittlig månatlig handelsvolym på mer än €21 miljarder är Xetra den ledande handelsplatsen för ETFer och ETPer i Europa.

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