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How to mitigate the cost of contango

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Asset Allocation Research How to mitigate the cost of contango An investor in commodities using futures contracts is not only exposed to the price

Asset Allocation Research How to mitigate the cost of contango

Highlights

  • An investor in commodities using futures contracts is not only exposed to the price of the raw material but also to the cost of holding a futures contract and rolling it from one contract to another.
  • To mitigate the cost of rolling (contango), investors need to add exposure to futures contracts with a longer shelf life where volatility is lower but expected return is also less.
  • Since 2002, a portfolio of both short and long maturity contracts outperformed short maturity only contracts by 6.5% per year, enhancing the Sharpe ratio to 0.26.

The mechanism of contango and backwardation continues to intrigue. While contango is known to reduce an investment’s overall return, questions remain as to whether it is possible to avoid it. In this note, we will focus on oil and particularly Brent, looking at the different elements investors should be aware of before considering investing in commodities as well as how to mitigate the negative impact of contango on the performance of a portfolio.

The futures curve

A futures curve is a series of prices of futures contracts that expire at different points in time (as illustrated below). Because each commodity follows its own fundamentals, the shape of the futures curve tends to vary from one commodity to another. Oil futures curves for example, tend to reflect market expectations on the future direction of oil prices.

The previous chart shows how the futures curve of Brent has moved since last year. The entire curve shifted upward with futures contracts at the short end of the curve benefitting most compared to contracts at the longer end of the curve.

The chart also shows that liquidity, measured by the traded volume on each futures contract, is higher at the short end of the futures curve where financial services and speculators tend to be concentrated. Smaller volumes at the longer end of the curve are usually commercial positions taken by consumers or producers of oil using the futures market as a hedge.

The impact of fundamentals

Because the futures curve is made of futures contracts that expire at different points in time, a change in the fundamentals will have variable impact on the price of each contract. An event such as the OPEC/non-OPEC agreement has the potential to keep the longer end of the future curve flat for a while as the market expects producers to continue controlling supply going forward. However, the current price support at the short end of the curve may vanish if the deal was to fail, deepening the contango at the short end of the curve.

The above chart shows that the correlation between the level of US oil inventories and oil prices at the short end of the curve is higher than the correlation with the longer end of the curve. Futures contracts at the short end are more sensitive to the change in supply, demand and inventories than the longer end. With US shale oil production on the rise, contango at the short end may deepen in the near term.

As a result, futures contracts with short-term maturity tend to be more volatile than contracts at the longer end as illustrated in the chart below. On the other hand, any gain or loss will be higher with short maturity contracts than long maturity contracts.

Long backwardation short contango

Because of the liquidity issue mentioned earlier, it is difficult for speculative investors to get exposure to the longer end of the curve. Most investors are therefore exposed to the short end of the curve where roll cost and volatility are the highest.

In this section, we look at whether it is possible to build a portfolio that will mitigate the negative impacts of contango on return by ensuring exposure to the best part of the curve. For this purpose, we have created the following three portfolios:

– Our benchmark is 50% in Brent futures contracts with an average maturity of one month and 50% in contracts that have an average maturity of two years.
– Two long only portfolios using the change in oil prices over the past month and the shape of the future curves at the end of the past month as trading signal. One portfolio invests in either the short end (Brent 1mth) or the longer end (Brent 2Yr) while the other portfolio will overweight the maturity highlighted by the signal and underweight the other maturity at the same time.

The performance chart shows that all the portfolios including the benchmark outperformed an exposure to the short maturity contract as holding Brent 1Mth since 2002 would have provided a return of 1.5% per year. Both long only portfolios outperformed the benchmark by 1.8% per year on average and the long only portfolio that alternates between Brent 1Mth and 2Yr outperformed Brent 2Yr by 0.2% per year.

In addition, the summary table highlights that both portfolios have a lower level of volatility than the benchmark and Brent 1Mth, allowing for an increase of the Sharpe ratio by 39% on average compared to the benchmark.
A maximum recovery time of more than 8 years for all the portfolios and constituents indicate that they have yet to recover to their previous peak in June 2008. With OPEC taking back control of their production level and US shale oil now profitable with a price around US$50/bbl., a recovery back above US$100/bbl. is simply unrealistic for the time being.

Looking at the performance since the beginning of 2016 when oil prices started to recover from a 13-year low, the long only portfolio with either Brent 1Mth or 2Yr is posting the highest Sharpe ratio at 0.69, followed by the long only portfolio combining both (0.66), Brent 1Mth (0.63), the 50/50 benchmark (0.57) and Brent 2Yr (0.50).

When using futures contracts to get exposure to commodities, an investor needs to be aware of the composition of the return the investor will get, as a gain in the commodity price does not necessarily translate in a gain in the investment’s overall return. When the futures curve is in contango, the cost of rolling from one contract to the other is deducted from the gain in price and will reduce the end return. While investors generally prefer an exposure to the short end of the curve due to liquidity, adding an allocation to futures contracts at the longer end can reduce the negative impact of contango and improve returns. Since 2002, the portfolio combining both maturities outperformed the short maturity exposure by 6.5% per year, enhancing the Sharpe ratio from -0.01 to 0.26. The strategy also allows for more diversification.

Important Information

This communication has been issued and approved for the purpose of section 21 of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 by ETF Securities (UK) Limited (“ETFS UK”) which is authorised and regulated by the United Kingdom Financial Conduct Authority (the “FCA”).

The information contained in this communication is for your general information only and is neither an offer for sale nor a solicitation of an offer to buy securities. This communication should not be used as the basis for any investment decision. Historical performance is not an indication of future performance and any investments may go down in value.

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Oct. 24 crypto market update & Performance attribution Hashdex Crypto Index ETPs

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Please find below Hashdex monthly crypto market update and performance attribution for Hashdex Crypto-Index ETPs for October 2024.

Please find below Hashdex monthly crypto market update and performance attribution for Hashdex Crypto-Index ETPs for October 2024.

With October often showing strong seasonality for crypto assets, this month’s results reflect a promising trend for Bitcoin, although gains were more limited across Altcoins. As outlined in our latest CIO note, “Beyond Trump and Harris: Five Congressional Races That May Impact Crypto’s Future”, several upcoming US congressional races could shape the regulatory landscape for crypto, with potential implications for institutional adoption and future price action. Bipartisan support for the asset class is expected to grow, depending on the results of key races.

We will share some updates during the week, if you need any inputs on US elections, feel free to reach out to us.

Hashdex Crypto Index ETPs: performances (USD) as of end of October 24

Beta Index ETP Nasdaq Crypto Index ETP (HASH or HDX1) (largest Crypto Index ETP in Europe): October +7.1%, YTD +45%, 12M +89%.

• Smart-Beta Index ETP – Crypto Momentum Index ETP (HAMO or HDXM): October -0.5%, YTD +1.2%, 12M +71%.

Market Update – October 24

October, commonly known as ”Uptober” for its seasonally strong performance for Bitcoin, continued this trend in 2024. The month began with a volatile period, as the Nasdaq Crypto Index (NCI) initially gave back gains from September. All NCI constituents declined in the first ten days, with the exception of Uniswap, which announced plans for its own layer-two network on Ethereum.

Mid-month, the sentiment shifted, with a sharp rally that drove Bitcoin close to its all-time high by the 29th. The NCI ultimately closed the month up 7.1%, significantly outpacing traditional markets as both the S&P 500 and Nasdaq 100 declined slightly. This rally coincided with a sharp increase in former president Donald Trump’s odds in election betting markets, generating additional optimism around Bitcoin.

While Bitcoin posted a robust 10.6% gain, Altcoins generally underperformed. The notable positive exception among altcoins was Solana, which rose 9.0%. In contrast, Ripple declined 18.6% due to ongoing SEC litigation, and Polygon’s MATIC dropped over 20% as it migrated to a new token model (POL).

Nasdaq Crypto Index (NCI) relative to other asset class in October 24

Source: Hashdex, as of 30/10/24.

In comparison with traditional assets, the NCI’s 7.1% gain far outpaced the S&P 500 and Nasdaq 100, both of which posted slight declines. This performance underscores the potential for crypto assets to provide upside during periods of broader market uncertainty. The majority of this outperformance was driven by Bitcoin’s strength, underscoring its role as a cornerstone of the crypto asset class and its growing appeal as a macroeconomic hedge.

Performance attribution:

Nasdaq Crypto Index (NCI)

The NCI recorded positive returns for most of its primary constituents, with Bitcoin (+10.6%) leading the gains. Solana (SOL) also contributed positively, rising 9.0%. However, Ripple (XRP) and Polygon’s MATIC weighed on the index, with losses of 18.6% and over 20%, respectively. Ripple’s decline was largely attributed to ongoing legal issues with the SEC, while MATIC’s transition to the POL token created additional downward pressure.

Source: Hashdex, as of 31/10/24.

Crypto Momentum Factor Index

The Crypto Momentum Factor Index showed a slight monthly decline of 0.5% in October, reflecting the underperformance of altcoins in general. Although Tron (TRX) remained relatively stable, other altcoins in the index faced headwinds, leading to a small monthly loss for the index.

Source: Hashdex, as of 31/10/24.

Correlation (3m) to traditional asset classes

Source: Hashdex, as of 31/10/24. NCI for Nasdaq Crypto Index.

Hashdex Nasdaq Crypto Index ETP

Largest Crypto Index ETP in Europe, AUM ~$400m

ISIN: CH1184151731 / Tickers: HASH (SIX and Euronext) or HDX1 (Xetra) – tradable in USD, EUR, CHF and GBP

Hashdex Crypto Momentum Factor ETP

ISIN: CH1218734544 / Tickers: HAMO (SIX and Euronext) or HDXM (Xetra) – tradable in USD, EUR, CHF and GBP

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GSGR ETF investerar i gröna obligationer från hela världen

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Goldman Sachs Global Green Bond UCITS ETF EUR (Dist) (GSGR ETF) med ISIN IE000SYQFJV2strävar efter att spåra Solactive Global Green Bond Select-index. Solactive Global Green Bond Select-index följer gröna obligationer. Alla löptider ingår. Betyg: Investment Grade.

Goldman Sachs Global Green Bond UCITS ETF EUR (Dist) (GSGR ETF) med ISIN IE000SYQFJV2strävar efter att spåra Solactive Global Green Bond Select-index. Solactive Global Green Bond Select-index följer gröna obligationer. Alla löptider ingår. Betyg: Investment Grade.

Den börshandlade fondens TER (total cost ratio) uppgår till 0,22 % p.a. Goldman Sachs Global Green Bond UCITS ETF EUR (Dist) är den enda ETF som följer Solactive Global Green Bond Select-indexet. ETFen replikerar det underliggande indexets prestanda genom fullständig replikering (köper alla indexbeståndsdelar). Ränteintäkterna (kuponger) i ETFen delas ut till investerarna (halvårsvis).

Denna ETF lanserades den 13 februari 2024 och har sin hemvist i Irland.

Mål

Goldman Sachs Global Green Bond UCITS ETF är en passivt förvaltad, hållbar global obligationsfond som uteslutande investerar i gröna obligationer enligt bedömningen av Goldman Sachs Asset Managements investeringsteam för gröna obligationer.

Handla GSGR ETF

Goldman Sachs Global Green Bond UCITS ETF EUR (Dist) (GSGR ETF) är en börshandlad fond (ETF) som handlas på London Stock Exchange.

London Stock Exchange är en marknad som få svenska banker och nätmäklare erbjuder access till, men DEGIRO gör det.

Börsnoteringar

BörsValutaKortnamn
London Stock ExchangeEURGSGR
SIX Swiss ExchangeEURGSGR

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Microsoft considers bitcoin, UBS launches tokenized fund, and MicroStrategy will buy $42B in BTC

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Crypto markets faced a volatile week as key macroeconomic events approached, with the upcoming US presidential election and anticipated Fed rate decision fueling uncertainty in risk assets. Bitcoin (BTC) rose 1.7%, ether (ETH) declined 1%, Solana (SOL) fell 8.2%, and the Nasdaq Crypto IndexTM (NCITM) was down 0.5%.

Crypto markets faced a volatile week as key macroeconomic events approached, with the upcoming US presidential election and anticipated Fed rate decision fueling uncertainty in risk assets. Bitcoin (BTC) rose 1.7%, ether (ETH) declined 1%, Solana (SOL) fell 8.2%, and the Nasdaq Crypto IndexTM (NCITM) was down 0.5%.


Microsoft to consider bitcoin investment starting December

According to a new SEC filing, Microsoft is considering the possibility of investing in Bitcoin as a hedge strategy against inflation despite opposition from its Board of Directors. This move, by one of the world’s largest companies, would mark a significant step in institutional adoption for Bitcoin.

MicroStrategy discloses plans to buy $42B of BTC

The firm announced bold plans to raise $42 billion over the next three years to acquire more bitcoin. This new wave of capital will be split equally, with $21 billion from equity issuance and $21 billion from debt offerings, in a project called the ”21/21” plan. This move, led by founder Michael Saylor, underscores bitcoin’s potential as a valuable hedge against inflation and highlights its appeal as a strategic investment option.

UBS launches its first tokenized fund on Ethereum

UBS Asset Management has launched its first tokenized fund, the USD Money Market Investment Fund Token (uMINT), a money market fund built on the Ethereum blockchain, available through authorized partners. The launch supports the growing demand for tokenized financial assets and leverages distributed technology to enhance fund issuance and distribution, as well as UBS’s broader strategy to expand its tokenization services.


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