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Commodity volatility expected
ETF Securities Commodities Research: Commodity volatility expected as China liberalises financial markets
Commodity volatility expected as China liberalises financial markets
Summary
China is both one of the largest producers and consumers of most commodities. Yet financial centres in the UK and US are responsible for setting global prices for many commodities.
China seeks to expand its role in the intermediation and price setting of global commodities. However a key hurdle is currency restrictions and capitals controls.
While timing of any currency and capital market reform is unclear, dismantling these restrictions could unwind large carry-trades that use commodities as collateral, introducing a new source of volatility to the asset class.
China and commodity demand
China’s role in the upward phase of the commodity supercycle remains largely undisputed: resource-intensive economic growth, led by urbanisation, industrialisation, and a growth in global trade between the mid-1990s and the financial crisis in 2008 drove demand for commodities higher. With supply unable to keep up with demand, prices rose substantially higher. Although more volatile, commodities prices have a fairly strong correlation to China’s GDP growth.
China’s commodity futures markets
Futures markets are an integral part of the global financial market infrastructure, as they allow both consumers and producers of commodities to hedge. Hedgers are typically on the short side of futures markets and thus need to offer positive risk premia to attract speculators on the long side.i By bringing a large number of financial investors to the long side, financialisation of commodities mitigates this hedging pressure and improves risk sharing.
Although China is the largest consumer of commodities, its development of a futures market in commodities only took place after the onset of the commodity supercycle (and many commodities have been added in the downward phase of the cycle). The Shanghai Futures Exchange (SHFE) started trading copper and aluminium in 1999 and added zinc (2007), gold (2008), nickel (2014).
The volume of gold and copper traded on the SHFE has been rising, highlighting the traction that the market for these metals has been gaining in China.
Global ambitions require currency policy change
China seeks to play a larger role in the intermediation of commodities internationally. It recognises it is the largest consumer and producer of many commodities, yet relies on financial centres outside of China for the setting of prices. Fang Xinghai, vice chairman of the China Securities Regulatory Commission, said at the SHFE’s annual conference in May 2016 “We’re facing a chance of a lifetime to become a global pricing center for commodities”. Due to currency restrictions, trading in raw materials is largely off-limits to overseas investors. However, that is an issue that China has long pledged to change. Any change in currency policy will likely be a strong catalyst for the growth of China’s commodity futures market.
Distortions in Chinese commodities…
Closed capital markets and currency restrictions have led to some unusual practices in China. China’s interest rate is higher than many other countries (especially developed market interest rates which in some cases are below zero). If Chinese investors were able to borrow in foreign currencies they could engage in a typical carry trade and arbitrage from the rate differential (subject to currency market moves). However, capital restrictions which stop domestic investors accessing foreign loans and exchange rate management violate the so called ‘covered interest rate parity’.
However a loophole exists. In order to make Chinese manufacturers more profitable, the authorities allow them to use work in process inventory such as copper, tin, aluminium (or even finished inventory) as collateral for loans. A manufacturer can go to a local bank and ask to borrow in US dollars or euros or yen etc. at low interest rates using commodity as collateral. The funds will be delivered to the manufacturer in Yuan and can be deposited at high interest rates. The local bank would verify to the People’s Bank of China (PBoC, the central bank) that the collateral is sitting in a warehouse (i.e. is bonded) and the PBoC will use an offshore entity to borrow the funds (which it will then pass to the local bank).The existence of the facility could be artificially inflating demand for commodity imports into China.
The risk with opening up currency markets therefore is that this carry trade could fall away and unlock a substantial amount of commodities tied up in bonded warehouses to industrial usage.
It is estimated that in 2014 about US$109 billion foreign exchange loans in China were backed by commodities as collateral, equivalent to 31% of China’s short-term FX loans and 14% of China’s total FX loans.ii In 2014, China imported US$1.7 trillion of commodities. The estimated amount of financing therefore represents about 6% of imports. In the worst case scenario if all those commodities were to unwind (a scenario we don’t believe will occur), there could be a 6% supply shock, which would be price negative. A collateral unwind of a smaller magnitude, we believe will still lead to commodity price volatility.
Copper is probably most at risk. Close to half of current copper demand in China could be from the copper carry trade.
…including gold
A similar trade exists in gold. Imported gold is being used via gold loans and letters of credit to raise low cost funds for business investment and speculation. Financial liberalisation could also see these trades unwind.
In 1950 China had prohibited private ownership of bullion and put the gold industry under state control. With the creation of the Shanghai Gold Exchange (SGE) in 2002, formal prohibition on gold bullion was lifted in 2004. China has embraced this relatively new opportunity to own gold, with the country overtaking India as the largest consumer gold coins and bars. Despite the cultural affinity to buy and store gold, those stocks can be monetised. Gold leasing i.e. the ability for banks to loan out gold has seen rapid growth. Gold can also be used as collateral for borrowing from banks as long as it meets the SGE criteria. Once again this collateral-based lending could fall away if access to unsecured loans is improved.
We expect any movement to a freer currency and open capital markets to be gradual. But that transition could introduce volatility to global commodity prices as collateral carry trades in China unwind.
i Keynes (1923), Hicks (1939), Hirshleiffer (1988)
ii “Commodities as Collateral” in forthcoming Review of Financial Studies by Ke Tang (Tsingua University) and Haoxiang Zhu (MIT Sloan School of Management), April 2016
Important Information
General
This communication has been issued and approved for the purpose of section 21 of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 by ETF Securities (UK) Limited (“ETFS UK”) which is authorised and regulated by the United Kingdom Financial Conduct Authority (the “FCA”).
The information contained in this communication is for your general information only and is neither an offer for sale nor a solicitation of an offer to buy securities. This communication should not be used as the basis for any investment decision. Historical performance is not an indication of future performance and any investments may go down in value.
The impact of US tariffs continues to dominate market sentiment and risk assets, including crypto, struggled with this uncertainty throughout the month. The Nasdaq Crypto Index™ (NCI™) fell 4.46% in March as the S&P 500 and Nasdaq 100 dropped 5.63% and 7.61%, respectively.
Despite the macro uncertainty from Washington, US policymakers are continuing to embrace crypto in an unprecedented way, including launching a Bitcoin Strategic Reserve, Digital Asset Stockpile, and engaging in expansive work at the regulatory agencies and in Congress.
Our team spent the last week of the month in Washington, meeting with regulators to share our experiences and views on what’s most important for crypto investors in the US. In his latest Notes from the CIO, Samir Kerbage shares what he learned from these meetings and how investors should be thinking about the new regulatory regime in the US.
As always, we are greatly appreciative of your trust in us and are here to answer any questions you may have.
-Your Partners at Hashdex
Market Review
March was marked by the tariff dispute triggered by the Trump administration. Back-and-forth fiscal policies, threats, and retaliations dominated the month’s agenda. The uncertain macroeconomic environment put investors into a defensive stance and negatively impacted crypto assets. The Nasdaq Crypto Index™ (NCI™) closed the month down -4.46% after a period of high volatility. Major market indices, the S&P 500 and Nasdaq-100, also recorded steep declines of -5.63% and -7.61%, respectively. These concurrent drawdowns across equities and crypto underscored March’s broad market caution, as trade war uncertainty prompted investors to flee risk assets.
During times of uncertainty, it is common to observe increased correlation among different classes of risk assets. This pattern played out in March: the 6-month rolling correlation of monthly returns between the NCI™ and the Nasdaq-100 surged to roughly 0.91 (see chart below), its highest level since 2021, indicating that crypto assets were moving almost in lockstep with tech stocks. This spike in correlation confirms that crypto was behaving like a high-beta extension of the tech sector—an amplified version of the Nasdaq-100. The lack of clarity in the global landscape leads investors to reduce their risk exposure and seek protection, a movement known in financial markets as “risk-off” allocation.
6-Month Rolling Correlation of Monthly Returns between the Nasdaq Crypto Index and Nasdaq-100 (Apr 2021–Apr 2025).
The chart illustrates how this correlation has been increasing since the American elections in November 2024 and spiked to approximately 0.91 in the most recent period—a multi-year high. This visual evidence reinforces the view that crypto assets have been moving closely in tandem with tech stocks, effectively acting as a high-beta version of the Nasdaq-100 during the March risk-off phase.
Following this trend, risk reduction was evident within the crypto asset class. Among the NCI’s constituents, Bitcoin (BTC) posted a decline of -1.93%, withstanding the downturn far better than other constituents such as Ether (ETH, -17.4%) and Litecoin (LTC, -34.6%). BTC’s relatively mild drop in this sell-off aligns with the idea that it increasingly trades like a high-beta proxy for large-cap tech. It still declined, but less severely, whereas smaller-cap crypto assets behaved more like speculative growth stocks and suffered outsized losses. The only exception to the negative results was Cardano (ADA), which surprised with a positive return of 3.88% despite no significant protocol developments during the month.
Thematic indices also faced a challenging environment. As highlighted in previous letters, smaller capitalization assets tend to suffer more during periods of market stress, mirroring how speculative small-cap stocks are hit hardest in equity sell-offs. The biggest negative highlight was the Digital Culture Index, which dropped -17.45%, followed by the Decentralized Finance (DeFi) and Smart Contract Platform (Web3) indices, which fell -16.73% and -12.07%, respectively. The Vinter Hashdex Risk Parity Momentum Index recorded a negative result of -8.26% but outperformed the three other thematic indices, benefiting from its high allocation in BTC and TRX (which gained 4.68%). The heavy weighting in BTC – the more resilient large-cap crypto – helped cushion this index, underscoring the relevance of the momentum factor in a well-diversified strategy during times of market stress.
The market remains on the lookout for the outcome of the fiscal policy discussions, hoping for a reduction in uncertainties and an end to the tariff war. That would likely mark the moment when investors regain their appetite for risk assets, including crypto assets. The U.S. government has also signaled interest in advancing the crypto agenda, a development that could drive the asset class to a new level of adoption. We remain confident in our positive outlook for the rest of the year and the long term.
Top Stories
US creates Bitcoin Strategic Reserve and Digital Asset Stockpile
The Bitcoin Reserve will be capitalized with BTC owned by the Department of Treasury, which could further increase via new budget-neutral acquisitions. The stockpile will also include assets owned by the Treasury. This marks a major milestone, with the US government starting to integrate major crypto assets and continues the new administration’s work to lead the global crypto economy.
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FDIC eases banks’ ability to engage in crypto activities
The FDIC has rescinded previous guidelines which prevented financial institutions from engaging with crypto activities without prior sign-off. By removing bureaucratic hurdles, banks may more readily over crypto-related services, potentially leading to broader adoption and integration of digital assets into the financial system.
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