Bitwise Asset Management Europeiske chef Bradley Duke pratade med Proactives Stephen Gunnion om Bitcoins prestanda 2024 och hur den kan jämföras med andra tillgångsklasser.
Bitwise och Duke betonade att Bitcoin har levererat nästan 50 procents avkastning year-to-date, långt över traditionella investeringar som guld (27,7 procent) och aktier. Han diskuterade också hur de senaste räntesänkningarna från Fed kan driva likviditet, vilket ytterligare stöder Bitcoins uppgång mitt i oro för en potentiell recession.
Duke utforskade också geopolitiska risker och nämnde hur Bitcoin och guld i allt högre grad ses som tillflyktsortstillgångar under tider av global spänning, som konflikten i Mellanöstern. ”Bitcoin har blivit en fristadstillgång tillsammans med guld”, sa Duke och förklarade hur dess prestanda tenderar att förbättras under perioder av osäkerhet.
Ny ETP kompletterar WisdomTrees fysiskt stödda kryptosortiment i Europa. WisdomTree, en global finansiell innovatör, tillkännagav idag lanseringen av sin senaste börshandlade kryptovaluta (ETP). WisdomTree Physical XRP (XRPW) ETP är noterat på Deutsche Börse Xetra, Swiss Stock Exchange SIX och Euronext-börserna i Paris och Amsterdam med en förvaltningskostnadskvot på 0,50 %, vilket representerar den lägsta prissatta ETP i Europa som ger exponering mot XRP.
WisdomTree Physical XRP ETPär utformad för att erbjuda investerare ett enkelt, säkert och kostnadseffektivt sätt att få exponering för priset på XRP. ETPen stöds till 100 % av XRP, vilket ger exponering mot spotpriset för XRP genom en struktur av institutionell kvalitet. Investerare drar också nytta av en modell med dubbel depå med reglerade förvaringsinstitut och med de underliggande tillgångarna professionellt säkrade i kylförvaring.
XRP är en digital tillgång inbyggd i XRP Ledger (XRPL), en öppen källkod, behörighetslös och decentraliserad blockkedja. XRPL använder en Proof-of-Association (PoA) konsensusmekanism som drivs av universitet, börser, företag och individer för att validera transaktioner. Detta system är mer effektivt att köra än Proof-of-Work (PoW), eftersom det kräver färre hårdvaruresurser och förbrukar mindre energi. Byggt 2012, specifikt för betalningar, kan XRP lösa transaktioner på huvudboken på 3-5 sekunder och designades för att vara ett snabbare och mer hållbart alternativ till Bitcoin.
XRP kan skickas direkt utan en central mellanhand, vilket gör det till ett bekvämt instrument för att snabbt och effektivt överbrygga två olika valutor. Det utbyts fritt på den öppna marknaden och används i den verkliga världen för att möjliggöra gränsöverskridande betalningar och mikrotransaktioner.
Dovile Silenskyte, direktör, Digital Assets Research, WisdomTree, sa: ”Med risk-on-sentimentbyggande kan altcoinexponeringar som XRP överträffa en vanlig bitcoin- och eterallokering. XRP kan sitta bredvid dessa megacaps i en portfölj med flera tillgångar och minska investerarnas exponering mot en enda token. Kryptovalutor representerar mer än 1 % av marknadsportföljen och bör därför vara en del av en väl avrundad investeringsstrategi. Som en tillgångsklass med låg korrelation till traditionella tillgångsklasser kan krypto bidra till att öka diversifieringen och potentiellt förbättra riskjusterad avkastning i en portfölj med flera tillgångar.”
WisdomTree var den första etablerade ETP-emittenten som försåg europeiska investerare med fysiskt uppbackad kryptoexponering av institutionell kvalitet efter lanseringen av WisdomTree Physical Bitcoin i december 2019. Den har nu ett genomtänkt urval av nio fysiskt stödda krypto-ETP, vilket ger europeiska investerare bekväm tillgång till krypto. i ett välbekant ETP-omslag.
WisdomTree har mer än 1,1 miljarder USD i tillgångar under förvaltning över sina krypto-ETPer av institutionell kvalitet, med nettoinflöden på 191 miljoner USD 2024. Fysiskt stödda krypto-ETPer från WisdomTree ger investerare en enkel, säker och låg kostnadssätt att få exponering för en rad kryptovalutor inklusive Bitcoin, Ether, Solana, Cardano, Polkadot, tre diversifierade kryptokorgar och nu XRP. WisdomTrees kryptovaluta ETP-sortiment är bland de mest konkurrenskraftiga priserna i Europa.
Alexis Marinof, Europachef, WisdomTree, sa: ”Denna nya lansering kompletterar vår befintliga uppsättning av fysiskt stödda kryptovaluta-ETP, vilket ger investerare en annan lösning för att förbättra sina portföljer med flera tillgångar. Kryptovaluta-ETP representerar ett effektivt sätt att hålla investerare inom ett reglerat ramverk och håller på att bli det föredragna verktyget för att komma åt kryptovalutor. WisdomTree utnyttjar 20 års expertis i att tillhandahålla och hantera fysiskt stödda ETPer för institutionella investerare. Med över 100 miljarder USD i tillgångar under förvaltning globalt över ETFer och ETPer kan investerare i våra kryptovaluta ETPer dra nytta av vår globala räckvidd, skala och resurser.”
WisdomTrees europeiska krypto-ETP är tillgängliga för försäljning i Österrike, Belgien, Danmark, Finland, Frankrike, Tyskland, Italien, Irland, Luxemburg, Polen, Nederländerna, Norge, Spanien, Sverige och Schweiz. WisdomTree Physical Bitcoin och WisdomTree Physical Ethereum är också tillgängliga för försäljning i Storbritannien.
Sedan i tisdags handlas en ny börshandlad fond utgiven av Amundi Asset Management säljbar via Xetra och Börse Frankfurt. Det är en ETF från Amundi som erbjuder klimatvänlig exponering mot företag från Europa med valutasäkring
Amundi Index MSCI Europe ESG Broad CTB UCITSETF EUR Hedged Accger investerare exponering mot utvecklade europeiska marknader med stora och medelstora kapital. Företag med höga miljö-, sociala och styrningsstandarder (ESG) är överviktade, medan företag vars produkter har en negativ social eller miljömässig påverkan utesluts. Dessutom uppfyller fonden minimikraven i EU Climate Transition Benchmark (EU CTB) om klimatförändringar med målet att minska CO2-utsläppen med minst 20 procent jämfört med huvudindex.
Det är en ackumulerande andelsklass som är valutasäkrad mot euron.
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Amundi Index MSCI Europe ESG Broad CTB UCITSETF EUR Hedged Acc
Produktutbudet i Deutsche Börses XTF-segment omfattar för närvarande totalt 2 295 ETFer. Med detta urval och en genomsnittlig månatlig handelsvolym på cirka 16 miljarder euro är Xetra den ledande handelsplatsen för ETFer i Europa.
The crypto market has surged past $3T in total market capitalization, with smart-contract platforms leading the charge as risk appetite expands beyond Bitcoin. In particular, lean, cost-efficient blockchains have emerged as a key driver for onboarding users and boosting on-chain activity, as reflected in Figure 1.
• Solana soared 57% since the election, driven by memecoin-fueled retail interest and unprecedented DeFi activity, generating more revenue than Ethereum.
• Sui reached a new all-time high (ATH) near $4, also boosted by its gaming device pre-launch and consumer-friendly features.
• Aptos is gaining momentum for institutional-grade solutions like tokenization and payments, contributing to a recent price surge of 71%.
Figure 1 – Sector Price Performance Since Election Day
Source: Artemis, 21Shares
Given the proliferation of Layer 1s (L1s), it invites a closer examination of how the industry reached this point.
• Each L1 tackled the blockchain trilemma differently. While Bitcoin and Ethereum prioritized decentralization and security, later iterations focused on optimizing scalability.
• Ethereum’s first-mover advantage cemented the EVM as the standard for blockchain platforms, driving widespread adoption. However, its limitations spurred innovation, leading to the development of new virtual machines such as Solana’s SVM.
Despite these differences, each L1 plays a critical role in the on-chain ecosystem, tailored to unique use cases based on their architecture and features outlined in Figure 2 below.
Figure 2 – Technical Breakdown of Layer 1 Landscape
Source: Artemis, 21Shares
Below, we outline the unique strengths of each network, highlighting how they address various use cases in the order of their launch.
Ethereum – July 2015
The leading platform for decentralized applications (dApps) and a pioneer in smart-contract technology, as the first blockchain to introduce smart contracts.
• Ethereum laid the foundation for dApps and DeFi, commanding the highest liquidity with a Total Value Locked (TVL) of $60B.
• Its focus on decentralization and security, with more than 1M validators, makes it a trusted platform for tokenized government securities, totaling over $1.5B in assets.
• Ethereum hosts over 4,000 dApps, including prominent DeFi platforms like Uniswap and Aave, leveraging its unmatched network effects as the most widely adopted blockchain. While Layer 2 solutions enhance speed and efficiency, they have also introduced fragmentation, leading to reduced revenue.
Cardano – September 2017
The platform sets itself apart with a rigorous, research-driven approach to blockchain development.
• Introduced formal verification for smart contracts and enhanced Ethereum’s Proof-of-Stake (PoS) with Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS), democratizing transaction validation.
• Collaborates with governments like Ethiopia to deploy Atala PRISM, enabling digital IDs that improve access to education and financial infrastructure in underserved regions. The network also promoted a transparent and efficient aid distribution system.
• Cardano’s growth has been hindered by slow development, a lack of EVM compatibility, and the absence of on-chain governance, resulting in a modest $456M TVL. Recent upgrades like the Chang Hard Fork foster a community-driven network, while the BitcoinOS integration will boost cross-chain utility by facilitating ADA-powered Bitcoin transactions.
Solana – March 2020
The network prioritized scalability powered by their innovative dual consensus model combining Proof of History (PoH) and PoS. With the ability to process nearly 3,000 transactions per second (TPS), Solana stands as one of the fastest blockchains available.
• This month, Solana’s DEX trading volume exceeded Ethereum’s by $40B, fueled by its efficient, low-cost blockchain and propelled by a dynamic DeFi ecosystem rich in retail-driven activity. This surge in trading volume has been a key driver behind the growth in Solana’s TVL, now reaching $8.3B.
• Solana powers decentralized physical infrastructure networks (DePIN) like Helium (broadband), Hivemapper (mapping), and Render (3D rendering), which demand high-speed, low-cost transactions at scale. Solana’s fast and efficient blockchain provides the necessary infrastructure for these applications to operate smoothly and cost-effectively.
• For Solana to deepen its integration with traditional finance—supported by PayPal’s PYUSD, which processes $30B, along with partnerships with Visa and Shopify—it must address ongoing network reliability issues, especially as its network experienced downtime once this year and multiple times over the past three years. The Firedancer validator client, capable of over 1M TPS on testnet, is positioned to reduce outages and enhance reliability, solidifying Solana’s role as a top solution.
Avalanche – September 2020
An EVM-compatible blockchain characterized by its subnet architecture, which enables customizable, permissioned networks connected to the Avalanche mainnet.
• Avalanche’s scalable subnet architecture enables customizable, permissioned networks with flexible gas fees, data privacy, and validator incentives. The Avalanche9000 upgrade enhances this with shared liquidity, lower validator costs, and full customizability, including geo-restrictions, making it ideal for tailored enterprise blockchain solutions.
• Avalanche’s Evergreen Subnets have attracted major TradFi players, including Franklin Templeton, which tokenized its $420M government money fund, as well as Citibank and Wellington Management exploring financial applications.
• Avalanche supports a wide range of industries, from Deloitte’s federal disaster reimbursement platform—designed to improve claim speed and transparency—to gaming projects like Shrapnel, which is built the GUNZ subnet. Its EVM compatibility and robust ecosystem pushed its TVL past $1B.
The Open Network (TON) – September 2021
A high-throughput blockchain designed for seamless user onboarding, TON aims to deliver a Web3 WeChat-like experience. Its strategic partnership with Telegram, which boasts 900M monthly active users, positions it as a key driver of mainstream blockchain adoption.
• TON’s Mini Apps act as a gateway to its on-chain ecosystem, leveraging projects like Hamster Kombat, which peaked at nearly 300M users, to drive retail adoption. However, its $300M TVL reflects a nascent financial ecosystem focused on simpler, retail-friendly use cases, leaving it comparatively underdeveloped in DeFi.
• Processing nearly 28M transactions this month, TON is strongly positioned to drive blockchain-based payments. Its recent USDT integration, surpassing $1B in supply within just seven months, further reinforces its potential in this space.
• Despite recent setbacks at Telegram, which operates independently from TON, the network’s growth this year underscores its strong potential. With scalable infrastructure and a vast addressable market, TON is well-positioned to onboard the next wave of users.
Aptos – October 2022
A high-performance blockchain leveraging the Move programming language, which was developed by Meta for their Diem project. Move prioritizes security and scalability, making it a strong contender for institutional use cases.
• Parallel processing enables sub-second settlement times and a theoretical throughput of 160K TPS, ensuring the performance needed for enterprise-grade applications.
• Aptos, led by ex-executives of Meta’s Diem project, is bringing institutions on-chain. Its credibility is bolstered by partnerships with TradFi giants like Microsoft, Franklin Templeton, and NBC Universal, alongside institutional-grade use cases such as Ondo’s tokenization platform. Alongside a growing DeFi ecosystem, which we’ll explore in detail later, these efforts have propelled its TVL to nearly $1B.
• Aptos streamlines Web3 access with keyless accounts, passwordless authentication, and transaction previews. Its support for emerging markets includes cost-efficient devices like the Jambo Phone, preloaded with blockchain tools. By combining advanced scalability with user-first design, Aptos is well-positioned for this cycle.
Sui – May 2023
Aptos’ twin is also a high-performance blockchain designed to deliver Web2-like simplicity to Web3. Also built on the Move programming language, it focuses on consumer-facing applications rather than institutional use cases.
• Sui caters to retail users with innovations like SuiPlay0X1, a gaming device bridging Web3 and traditional gaming. This focus has positioned Sui as a leader in consumer-facing dApps.
• Sui pairs sub-second finality and parallel processing with intuitive features like zkLogin for wallet creation via Google or Face ID, gasless interactions covered by apps, and QR-based payments with zkSend. By combining scalability with a user-friendly experience, Sui is primed to drive retail adoption and bridge the gap between Web2 and Web3, onboarding the next generation of crypto users.
• The recent launch of its Ethereum bridge and USDC support has significantly boosted Sui’s DeFi ecosystem, driving its TVL beyond $1.5B. This growth aligns with Sui’s recent ATH, just shy of $4.
We’ve just highlighted each blockchain’s unique features and selling points; now, let’s examine how these translate into real on-chain activity. We’ll assess key metrics like active addresses, decentralized exchange (DEX) trading volume, fees generated, and TVL to provide a clearer picture of each network’s performance.
Daily Active Addresses
Figure 3 – Daily Active Addresses on Smart-Contract Platforms in 2024
Source: Artemis, 21Shares
As shown in Figure 3 above, Solana emerged as a forerunner in user engagement, boasting the largest user base of 6.5M users driven by its trifecta of low fees, rapid transactions, and a user-friendly interface. A perfect storm for the memecoin frenzy that swept through the network this year, with more than 3.5M tokens launched on the memecoin factory pump.fun alone. Furthermore, Solana has become the preferred platform for the latest crypto trends, including tokens tied to AI-powered agents and DePIN protocols, as discussed earlier.
Similarly, Aptos has shown impressive user growth compared to other L1 blockchains like Avalanche, driven by its expanding DeFi ecosystem. Key developments fueling momentum include Blackrock’s BUIDL product expansion, the deployment of Tether’s USDT and Circle’s USDC on the network, and the upcoming integration of sBTC by Stacks. Together, these advancements are driving increased user enthusiasm and engagement across the network.
Ethereum, however, remains a formidable player, having effectively shifted a significant portion of its activity to L2 scaling solutions. This has resulted in almost 90% of transactions now occurring on L2s rather than the mainnet, underscoring the growing importance of scaling solutions as the execution layer for the legacy network. Despite this, L2s solutions have dramatically expanded Ethereum’s capabilities, achieving a 26-fold increase in throughput —382 transactions per second compared to 14 on the base layer—and attracting a user base of 2.6M, more than seven times Ethereum’s mainnet average of 350K users.
Decentralized Exchange Volume
Figure 4 – Decentralized Exchange Trading Volume on Smart-Contract Platforms in 2024
Source: Artemis, 21Shares
From a broader perspective, Ethereum and Solana dominate exchange activity, fueled by their thriving DeFi ecosystems. Ethereum has long maintained its top position, with the largest DeFi ecosystem boasting nearly $60B in TVL. Its financial applications have demonstrated remarkable resilience, withstanding multiple market challenges since 2020. In addition, Ethereum has been contributing almost 50% of all decentralized exchange (DEX) volume through the first three quarters of the year, until Solana flipped the script, as illustrated in Figure 4.
In fact, Solana has recently outpaced Ethereum across multiple metrics. For example, Solana’s DEX trading volume exceeded Ethereum’s by $40B in November, while its weekly DEX trading volume eclipsed Ethereum and all its Layer 2s combined during the final week of October. Additionally, three out of the top ten revenue-generating applications now operate on the Solana network. Notably, the Solana-based DEX Radyium generated $29B in trading volume over the last week, a 45% difference compared to Uniswap’s $20B. Furthermore, Solana-based platforms now account for three of the top ten DEXs, commanding over 40% of the total 24-hour trading volume across the entire crypto ecosystem.
Finally, while TON currently reports lower DEX volume and an underdeveloped DeFi ecosystem, its focus on simpler use cases has kept its TVL relatively modest. However, the upcoming Curve integration is expected to drive significant growth by enhancing stablecoin liquidity. Additionally, TON recently launched the testnet version of its bridging solution, enabling native Bitcoin transfers to its network. This breakthrough positions TON to tap into a vastly larger market, leveraging the $1.3T in dormant BTC.
Fees Generated
Figure 5 – Fees Generated by Smart-Contract Platforms in 2024
Source: Artemis, 21Shares
TON stands out among emerging platforms with its substantial network fees, driven by Telegram’s expansive Mini App ecosystem. This goes beyond crypto applications, integrating traditional services like ride-hailing and e-commerce, where TON-based assets are used for payments. Additionally, Telegram-centric offerings such as competitively priced global eSIMs, VPN solutions, and decentralized storage broaden its appeal, particularly to non-crypto-native users. All in all, this places TON as the third-highest fee-generating network compared to the other networks, which can be seen in Figure 8.
Alternatively, Solana has established itself as a fee-generating powerhouse, as depicted above in, Figure 5 with many leading dApps leveraging its high-speed, cost-effective blockchain. For example, the no-code memecoin creator platform Pump.fun has generated $220M in fees and attracted 150K users. Moreover, Solana-based protocols account for 50% of the top 15 fee-generating applications across all blockchains. Notably, trading bots Photon and BonkBot earn a combined $75M monthly, while Radium and staking provider Jito contribute $300M, collectively. This positioned Solana to currently generate 110% of Ethereum’s real economic value.
Finally, Ethereum’s recent Dencun upgrade led to a 90% reduction in L2 transaction costs. The upgrade introduced blobspace, an efficient data storage mechanism for L2 solutions. As this new system gains traction and approaches capacity, L2 transaction costs will gradually increase. This trend, already becoming apparent as shown below in Figure 6, suggests a potential resurgence in Ethereum’s mainnet revenue in the coming months.
Figure 6 – Ethereum Average Blob Count Per Block
Source: Dune Analytics, 21Shares
Total Value Locked
To recap, TVL serves as a crucial metric for financial ecosystems in the crypto space, analogous to assets under management in traditional finance.
Figure 7 – Total Value Locked in Smart-Contract Platforms in 2024
Source: Artemis, 21Shares
Ethereum, as the pioneer of DeFi, unsurprisingly maintains the largest TVL among all networks. However, the landscape is evolving rapidly.
Solana has emerged as a significant player, now commanding nearly 10% of DeFi’s TVL. This growth can be attributed to its seamless integration with traditional finance, expanding tokenization sector, and proliferation of payment-related use cases, as well as the surging maturity of its DeFi ecosystem.
Meanwhile, Avalanche continues to hold a substantial TVL, primarily due to its innovative subnet model that empowers businesses to create customizable networks with unprecedented control and flexibility. Consequently, Avalanche has become a hub for tokenization projects and institutional financial applications, both live and in development, as its network design effectively meets the business and privacy needs essential for TradFi.
In conclusion, these metrics provide a comprehensive view of the current standing and performance of various layer-1 blockchains. As seen in Figure 8, these platforms illustrate the diversity in blockchain usage patterns and provide insight into how each chain is positioned to compete in the landscape of blockchain-based applications. We believe there will not be “one chain to rule them all” and instead we will see a multi-chain future where certain chains are used over others for specific use cases.
Figure 8 – Summary of Key Metrics Across Smart-Contract Platforms
Source: Artemis, 21Shares
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