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Bitcoin Breaks $50K mark; Are We Out of the Bear đŸ» ❄?

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In this report, 21Shares walk you through Bitcoin’s journey toward the $50K mark, Ethereum’s upgrade updates, and how a new experimental token standard has led to a surge in on-chain activity. Last but not least, we’ll give you the key takeaways from Solana’s post-mortem report explaining the cause of its five-hour outage.

In this report, 21Shares walk you through Bitcoin’s journey toward the $50K mark, Ethereum’s upgrade updates, and how a new experimental token standard has led to a surge in on-chain activity. Last but not least, we’ll give you the key takeaways from Solana’s post-mortem report explaining the cause of its five-hour outage.

Bitcoin Breaks the $50K Mark

Last week Bitcoin saw accumulation levels reminiscent of crypto’s bull run in 2021. However, this time around, the accumulation comes with higher accountability and much less noise, thanks to the abscence of bad actors, such as FTX’s former CEO Sam Bankman-Fried, along with growing institutional appetite. Bitcoin miners have also become reserved sellers, cutting their daily sales by about 62.5% from November and December, according to CryptoQuant, despite the drop in fees. This could mean that Bitcoin miners are positioning themselves ahead of the Bitcoin halving scheduled in 62 days.

As shown in Figure 1, selling pressure on GBTC has diminished over the past week, leading spot Bitcoin exchange-traded funds to step up as the world’s biggest BTC holder with $34.6 billion in assets under management. However, Bitcoin’s path forward is not without challenges. As covered previously, bankrupt FTX and Genesis are anticipated to liquidate their recovered assets to compensate their customers. Aside from the GBTC it sold in January, FTX has $7B in assets ($560M in BTC, as of December 2023) while Genesis is waiting for the court to greenlight its $1.6B in GBTC to liquidate. We may see some selling pressure, potentially impacting medium-term price movements, unless the accumulation of BTC continues.

Figure 1: Spot Bitcoin ETF Flows (YTD)

Source: Bloomberg

Ethereum Nears Final Stage of Dencun Upgrade as New Token Standard Sparks On-Chain Activity Surge

After the third successful rehearsal on testnet on February 7, Ethereum is set to implement the Dencun upgrade on Mainnet on March 17. This upgrade aims to significantly reduce settlement costs for scaling solutions like Arbitrum and Optimism by introducing a new data container, ”Blobs,” which stores data more efficiently while simplifying transaction verification. Anticipated to cut costs for Layer 2 solutions by around 90%, this milestone aligns with Ethereum’s long-term roadmap to enhance transaction throughput and lower gas expenses for users.

That said, the upgrade wasn’t the only source of enthusiasm for Ethereum as a new token standard has surfaced. Dubbed ERC404, the experimental standard integrates attributes from ERC-20 (fungible), like transferability and divisibility for its fractionalized tokens, and ERC-721 (non-fungible) standard for its unique identifier feature to track the underlying NFT. ERC404 has the potential for native fractionalizing of digital assets like collectibles and tokenized real-world assets such as funds and real estate without needing third-party solutions.

However, its use of a minting and burning mechanism has drawn criticism. Buying the tokens involves minting the NFT, while selling them involves selling the NFT to fractionalize the asset’s ownership into smaller transferable units. This process can incur significant costs, unlike a traditional token swap, due to Ethereum’s high fees. This is clear from the rising fees, which have more than doubled on the network in the past two weeks, as depicted in Figure 2 below. Finally, considering ERC404 stands as an unofficial token standard advocated by independent initiatives, lacking endorsement from the foundation—though this could potentially shift in the future—it has not been subjected to comprehensive auditing, thus posing potential vulnerabilities for projects built upon it. Nevertheless, the new trend shows the willingness to continue pushing innovation on top of the largest smart-contract platform, Ethereum, while increasing its revenue.

Figure 2: Ethereum Transaction Fees

Source: The Block

Solana’s Post Mortem

On February 6, Solana experienced a block production halt lasting approximately five hours due to an identified issue termed an ”infinite recompile loop.” The Solana Foundation has since published a post-mortem outlining what went wrong. This bug, previously encountered in a testnet environment nearly 18 months ago, impacted 95% of validators and halted the finalization of transactions. In essence, The glitch was related to how the blockchain remembers and uses certain pieces of code, causing it to get stuck in a loop and stop processing transactions. Solana developers worked quickly to fix the problem by updating the system and restarting it from a safe point.

They solved the immediate issue by making sure the glitch couldn’t happen again, with plans to make more improvements later. Finally, while Solana experienced outages in the past, its historical price performance indicates that its investors are becoming increasingly immune to such technical issues over time, as shown below in Figure 3. The network’s AuM also surged to an 18-month high, increasing by 11% week-over-week since the incident to reach $1.86B, exemplifying the users’ unfazed confidence in the network.

Figure 3: Solana’s historical performance following five of its previous outages

Source: Blockworks

This Week’s Calendar

Source: 21Shares, Forex Factory

Research Newsletter

Each week the 21Shares Research team will publish our data-driven insights into the crypto asset world through this newsletter. Please direct any comments, questions, and words of feedback to research@21shares.com

Disclaimer

The information provided does not constitute a prospectus or other offering material and does not contain or constitute an offer to sell or a solicitation of any offer to buy securities in any jurisdiction. Some of the information published herein may contain forward-looking statements. Readers are cautioned that any such forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and involve risks and uncertainties and that actual results may differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements as a result of various factors. The information contained herein may not be considered as economic, legal, tax or other advice and users are cautioned to base investment decisions or other decisions solely on the content hereof.

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Fördelarna med ETF-investeringar

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Det finns mÄnga skÀl att sÀtta börshandlade fonder i hjÀrtat av din investeringsstrategi nÀr du jÀmför deras styrkor med alternativen. Vi tittar pÄ fördelarna med ETF-investeringar.

Det finns många skäl att sätta börshandlade fonder i hjärtat av din investeringsstrategi när du jämför deras styrkor med alternativen. Vi tittar på fördelarna med ETF-investeringar.

ETFer har samlat flera biljoner i tillgångar under förvaltning sedan deras fördelar först kom till kunniga investerares kännedom i början av noughties. Deras popularitet och trovärdighet har bara ökat sedan dess. Vi förklarar varför både institutionella aktörer och gör-det-själv-investerare köper in sig på ETFer.

14 skäl till att köpa ETFer

  1. Enkelt: ETFer kan köpas och säljas på börsen som vilken annan aktie som helst.
  2. Kostnadseffektivt: Avgifterna är låga jämfört med aktiva fonder. Aktiva fonder som grupp misslyckas med att slå marknaden på lång sikt efter kostnader som avgifter och skatter. Medan ETFer strävar efter att matcha marknadsavkastningen minus kostnader. Den negativa sammansättningseffekten av aktiva pengars högre kostnader innebär att motsvarande ETFer vanligtvis vinner över tid.
  3. Diversifiering och tidshantering: Att äga en ETF ger dig exponering mot dussintals, hundratals eller till och med tusentals värdepapper som täcker alla värdefulla tillgångsklasser. Det är en omedelbar lösning på problemet med att ständigt försöka välja vinnare och förlorare. Istället för att försöka förutsäga marknaden äger du helt enkelt marknaden.
  4. Transparent: Du vet alltid vad en ETF gör. Det är utformat för att replikera avkastningen från dess angivna marknadsindex – så din avkastning bör matcha det indexets prestanda efter kostnader och tracking error. Du kan kontrollera ditt indexs innehav och exponeringar när som helst på dess webbsida.
  5. Val och kontroll: Det finns över 1 600 ETFer noterade på London Stock Exchange. Tillsammans gör de att du kan investera i alla länder, regioner, sektorer och tillgångsklasser som du behöver. Från etiska investeringar till AI, från ädelmetaller till genomik – ETFer gör att du kan investera i hela världens framtid.
  6. Säkert: ETFer tillhandahålls av stora och välkapitaliserade finansiella institutioner som BlackRock, Vanguard, HSBC och State Street. I den osannolika händelsen att något av dessa företag går i konkurs, finns det europeiska regler och kompensationssystem för att skydda dina tillgångar.
  7. Likvida: ETFer kan handlas när du vill under normala börstider. Jämför det med traditionella fonder som bara kan handlas en gång om dagen.
  8. Ultralåga handelsavgifter: Vissa mäklare erbjuder handel utan provision medan andra erbjuder mycket billiga vanliga investeringsplaner.
  9. Prisvärt: Bråkhandel innebär att du kan köpa en ETF från så lite som 1€ eller 1 pund eller till och med en krona hos vissa mäklare. Andra mäklare begär ett minimibidrag från 25€ / £25 eller 50€ / £50 per affär.
  10. Enkelt att förstå: Att investera i aktier är bäst att överlåta till proffsen, men även aktiva fonder kräver mycket forskning – och du är fortfarande aldrig säker på hur förvaltaren sköter dina pengar. Samtidigt är ETFer extremt enkla även för oerfarna investerare. Allt du behöver veta om en ETF publiceras på dess webbsida.
  11. Inkomstinvesteringar: Du kan leva på naturlig avkastning med en portfölj av ETFer med hög utdelning. Lägre kostnader innebär mer inkomster till dig.
  12. Vad du ser är vad du får: Priset på ETFer håller sig vanligtvis nära det faktiska värdet på deras tillgångar. Till skillnad från Investment Trusts, lider ETFer inte av den extra risken att handla till en premie eller rabatt på sina underliggande innehav.
  13. Lätt att jämföra: ETF-branschen har många marknadsaktörer som konkurrerar om att minska produktkostnaderna och lansera innovativa nya erbjudanden. Det finns gott om val och därför har vi fokuserat på att göra jämförelser snabbt och enkelt.
  14. Skattevänliga: De allra flesta ETFer kan ägas genom Investeringssparkonton eller kapitalförsäkringar, så dina vinster kan ackumuleras skattefritt.

Är ETFer alltid rätt val?

  • Kontanter: Om du vill ha kontanter är det vanligtvis bättre att använda ett sparkonto snarare än en penningmarknads-ETF. Ett konkurrenskraftigt inlåningskonto bör tjäna en högre ränta, det kommer inte att tillkomma några handelsavgifter och den maximala ersättningsnivån är högre för kontanter på banken jämfört med en ETF-leverantör.
  • Frestelse att överhandla: Många handlare (inklusive hedgefonder) använder ETFer. Men överdriven handel kan öka kostnaderna och potentiellt minska avkastningen. Vissa tycker att det är lättare att köpa och hålla med en mindre flexibel indexfond. Om det är du, kan en gammal skolans fond vara en bättre psykologisk passform.
  • Inte alltid billigare: Ibland är den lägsta kostnadsindexfonden en smula billigare än sin ETF-motsvarighet. Detta är något att hålla utkik efter på välbetjänade marknader som FTSE 100 trackers.
  • Högriskprodukter: Hävstångsbaserade och korta ETFer är högt specialiserade investeringar som huvudsakligen är avsedda för kortsiktig användning av institutionella aktörer. Investera bara i nischprodukter om du är helt säker på att du förstår riskerna.
  • Illikviditet: Även om de flesta ETFer är mycket likvida, kan vissa små och nischade ETFer handlas sällan. Låga handelsvolymer kan innebära en kostsam spread. En lämplig fond kan vara ett bättre alternativ.
  • Ingen överavkastning: En ETF strävar efter att matcha avkastningen från sitt index. Att investera dina pengar med en aktiv fondförvaltare kan fungera bättre med jämna mellanrum, speciellt om du har tur. Mot denna förhoppning står de fasta bevisen från ett flertal studier på att aktiva fonder misslyckas med att slå indexföljande produkter sammantaget.

Den avgörande fördelen

Ökningen i popularitet för ETFer är ingen tillfällighet. De flesta investerare tycker att en ETF-portfölj gör det möjligt för dem att enkelt genomföra sin investeringsstrategi – oavsett om de vill bygga upp välstånd eller leva på inkomster. Naturligtvis är det alltid bäst att göra din analys först. ETFmarknaden.se är ett bra sätt att börja sin resa på.

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CEBX ETF köper dollardenominerade fastrÀnteobligationer

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iShares US Aggregate Bond UCITS ETF EUR Hedged (Dist) (CEBX ETF) med ISIN IE00093SKUY4 mförsöker följa Bloomberg US Aggregate Bond (EUR Hedged)-index. Bloomberg US Aggregate Bond (EUR Hedged)-index följer obligationer med fast rÀnta i USD, inklusive statsobligationer, statsrelaterade, vÀrdepapperiserade och företagsrelaterade vÀrdepapper. ValutasÀkrad till euro (EUR). Betyg: Investment Grade.

iShares US Aggregate Bond UCITS ETF EUR Hedged (Dist) (CEBX ETF) med ISIN IE00093SKUY4 mförsöker följa Bloomberg US Aggregate Bond (EUR Hedged)-index. Bloomberg US Aggregate Bond (EUR Hedged)-index följer obligationer med fast ränta i USD, inklusive statsobligationer, statsrelaterade, värdepapperiserade och företagsrelaterade värdepapper. Valutasäkrad till euro (EUR). Betyg: Investment Grade.

Den börshandlade fondens TER (total cost ratio) uppgår till 0,30 % p.a. iShares US Aggregate Bond UCITS ETF EUR Hedged (Dist) är den billigaste ETF som följer Bloomberg US Aggregate Bond (EUR Hedged) index. Denna ETF replikerar resultatet för det underliggande indexet genom samplingsteknik (köper ett urval av de mest relevanta indexbeståndsdelarna). Ränteintäkterna (kuponger) i ETFn delas ut till investerarna (halvårsvis).

iShares US Aggregate Bond UCITS ETF EUR Hedged (Dist) är en mycket liten ETF med tillgångar på 0 miljoner euro under förvaltning. Denna ETF lanserades den 21 februari 2024 och har sin hemvist i Irland.

Varför CEBX?

Diversifierad exponering mot den breda US-dollardenominerade obligationsmarknaden med investeringsgrad

Direktinvesteringar i stats-, statsrelaterade, företags- och värdepapperiserade obligationer

Obligationsexponering med investeringsgrad

Investeringsmål

Andelsklassen strävar efter att spåra utvecklingen av ett index som består av amerikanska dollar denominerade statsobligationer, statsrelaterade, företagsobligationer och värdepapperiserade obligationer.

Handla CEBX ETF

iShares US Aggregate Bond UCITS ETF EUR Hedged (Dist) (CEBX ETF) är en europeisk börshandlad fond. Denna fond handlas på flera olika börser, till exempel Deutsche Boerse Xetra.

Det betyder att det går att handla andelar i denna ETF genom de flesta svenska banker och Internetmäklare, till exempel DEGIRONordnet, Aktieinvest och Avanza.

Börsnoteringar

BörsValutaKortnamn
XETRAEURCEBX

Största innehav

EmittentVikt (%)
UNITED STATES TREASURY44.49
FEDERAL NATIONAL MORTGAGE ASSOCIATION11.71
GOVERNMENT NATIONAL MORTGAGE ASSOCIATION II5.71
FEDERAL HOME LOAN MORTGAGE CORPORATION5.08
UNIFORM MBS2.85
BANK OF AMERICA CORP0.59
JPMORGAN CHASE & CO0.56
MORGAN STANLEY0.43
INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT0.38
WELLS FARGO & COMPANY0.37

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Transforming DeFi: The Strategic Leap of Unichain

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Uniswap Labs announced Unichain, whose testnet launched on October 10 and mainnet is launching in November, relying on the tech infrastructure from Ethereum layer-2 Optimism's OP Stack, and block builder Flashbots.

• Uniswap Labs announced Unichain, whose testnet launched on October 10 and mainnet is launching in November, relying on the tech infrastructure from Ethereum layer-2 Optimism’s OP Stack, and block builder Flashbots.

• Unichain is a DeFi-specific scalability solution aiming to offer a universal liquidity hub, with an emphasis on transaction speed and superior security.

• Uniswap’s token UNI will be used, or staked, to validate Unichain transactions and earn part of the network’s sequencer fees – of which the stack will be decentralized using what’s known as the Unichain Validation Network.

• This is a key development, as it will transform UNI from a governance token into a utility token, thereby completely changing its investment case.

Uniswap is the crypto market’s largest decentralized exchange (DEX) and the pioneer of the crypto-native automated market maker (AMM), which later became an industry standard for most DEXs. While Uniswap has maintained over 46% of the market share, its dominance has been eaten away by emerging DEXs, as shown below in Figure 1, that offer revenue sharing with token holders rather than just for liquidity providers.

Figure 1 – Decentralized Exchanges Volume

Source: Dune

Driven by this increasing competition, Uniswap Labs revealed Unichain, a Layer 2 (L2) Superchain, built using OP Stack, which is a modular, open-source software stack developed by Optimism, one of Ethereum’s leading scalability solutions. The primary goal of the OP Stack is to create scalable, secure, and interoperable blockchains, with Unichain being a prime example.

What is Unichain?

In essence, it’s a DeFi-centric Ethereum scaling solution designed to cater to users’ financial activities. By integrating advanced cross-chain functionality through technologies like cross-chain intents (ERC-7683), which we’ll delve into later, and the LayerZero bridge, Unichain addresses key challenges in the DeFi ecosystem:

  1. Transaction Speed: Block times are reduced to one second, with plans for 250ms sub-blocks – faster than many other L2s.
  2. Cost Efficiency: Transaction costs are projected to decrease by approximately 95% compared to Ethereum’s Layer 1, as can be observed below in Figure 2.
  3. Cross-Chain Liquidity: Unichain aims to create a unified ecosystem for seamless multi-chain asset trading, all whilst abstracting the technology’s complexity away from the user. Otherwise, users are required to utilize third-party bridging solutions and asset wrappers, which exposes them to heightened smart-contract risk.
  4. Incentive Structure: A robust reward system that compensates both token holders and liquidity providers for their liquidity and security contributions.

While Unichain aims to tackle liquidity fragmentation across networks, this gradual process will stretch beyond the initial mainnet launch. The protocol will need to incentivize users and liquidity providers to migrate their liquidity to Unichain as the premier network over time. Thus, liquidity fragmentation could worsen in the short term as this reorganization takes place.

Figure 2 – Average transaction speed vs. Fees of Ethereum’s Layer 2s

Source: Dune

What makes Unichain stand out?

  1. Interoperable and a Multi-Chain Cohesive Ecosystem:
    The quest of lowering transaction costs came at the expense of fragmented liquidity, complicating the user experience. Unichain is designed to simplify swapping across different chains. They worked with OP Labs, the builders behind Optimism (Ethereum’s third largest L2 by TVL of $680M), to make it easy to send messages between L2s in the Optimism Superchain using the network’s stack native interoperability technology. For other chains, Uniswap Labs is improving cross-chain compatibility through initiatives like the Cross-Chain Intents standard, known as ERC-7683.

In this view, Unichain’s Total Addressable Market can have a target of $4.9B, illustrated below in Figure 3.

Figure 3 – UNI’s TVL Across Chains

Source: DeFiLlama

What is ERC-7683, and what is its impact?

Introduced in April 2024, the Cross-Chain Intents standard enhances blockchain interoperability by standardizing off-chain messages and on-chain settlement. This framework simplifies cross-network transactions for users, allowing them to submit a general request—such as swapping Token X on Ethereum for Token Y on Arbitrum—without needing to choose specific bridges, DEXs or solutions. Once a request is made, specialized agents called ”fillers” compete to execute the transaction efficiently. This approach streamlines the process, making it easier for users to trade across several networks like they would in a traditional fintech application that has multiple currency accounts, all whilst fostering competition among service providers across the crypto ecosystem. This will ultimately improve the user experience, which is one of the most important factors in driving mainstream adoption.

  1. Vertical Integration:

Unichain represents a strategic shift in Uniswap’s operational model, enhancing its control over revenue streams and transaction processing. By evolving into an execution network similar to Base and Arbitrum, Unichain now captures additional value through:

o Transaction / Gas Fees – previously allocated to the networks Uniswap lives on. As shown below in Figure 4, Uniswap will be able to preserve about close to $374M in fees, once they’re able to settle these transitions on its own network.

Figure 4 – Uniswap Economics by Blockchain

Source: TheDeFiReport, TokenTerminal

o Swap fees: allocated to liquidity providers (LPs), which had previously been managed and distributed to contributors.

o Front-end fees: the protocol’s only source of revenue that it retains. It has already been in place and managed by the exchange’s front-end interface, as shown below in Figure 5. Uniswap has generated close to $50M in front-end fees since inception.

o Maximal Extractable Value (MEV): previously absorbed by the networks Uniswap was deployed on. Unichain could retain a significant portion of the $83B paid on Ethereum if they had internalized MEV from the offset, as seen below in Figure 5.

Figure 5 – Total Volume of Sandwich attacks on Ethereum, via Uniswap

Source: Dune

This transformation allows Uniswap to optimize its revenue structure and maintain greater oversight of the entire transaction lifecycle, from execution to settlement. The new model not only improves Uniswap’s economic efficiency but also positions it to offer enhanced services and potentially lower costs for users, all while retaining more value within its ecosystem. Uniswap’s substantial DEX volume across multiple networks, as illustrated in Figure 6, positions the new network for significant growth. By consolidating this activity within its ecosystem, Unichain stands to benefit from a powerful network effects.

Figure 6 – Uniswap Volume Across Different Chains

Source: Dune

Unichain’s architecture also enhances the platform’s capabilities with features like fair transaction ordering, which helps prevent market manipulation strategies such as front-running and back-running. Additionally, by utilizing a dedicated validator set on Ethereum, Unichain can effectively mitigate toxic flows, thereby reducing Maximal Extractable Value (MEV) losses, which we talk about next, helping to foster a fairer trading environment.

  1. Lower MEV Loss: Unichain’s collaboration with Flashbots introduces an advanced block production system that enhances market efficiency and mitigates MEV concerns. By utilizing Trusted Execution Environments (TEEs), this system achieves faster block times, improved transaction ordering transparency, and reduced failed transactions. While TEEs do not replace decentralized consensus, they provide enhanced trust and security compared to traditional block builders. This approach effectively limits validators’ ability to manipulate transaction order for profit, creating a more equitable environment.
  2. Unichain Validation Network: UNI stakers will form a decentralized network of full nodes that replace the actions of the centralized sequencer. Overall, they will provide several key benefits, including:

o Enhanced Decentralization: An additional layer of security that allows independent nodes of operators (token stakers) to verify the state of the blockchain – helping to reduce the risks associated with single sequencer architecture commonly found in other L2 solutions.

o Faster Finality: Quicker settlement of cross-chain transactions, driven by the flashblock technology.

o Increased Token Utility: Instead of simply serving as a governance token, UNI will now play a critical part in the ecosystem. Validators will have to stake the token to participate in the network validation – allowing token holders and not just liquidity providers to earn rewards.

So, what does that mean for Uniswap, Ethereum and the other L2s Uniswap was deployed on?

Unichain’s launch will introduce seamless cross-chain swaps directly through the Uniswap Interface and Wallet, significantly enhancing accessibility to cross-chain markets and their liquidity.

The platform will utilize UNI tokens for network security, with staking occurring on the Ethereum mainnet. This integration increases UNI’s utility and potential demand. However, it’s important to note that the staking yield from transaction fees is distinct from the pending fee switch affecting the broader Uniswap community. Both mechanisms serve to incentivize token holders.

Unichain’s introduction may signal a shift towards app-specific chains retaining substantial user activity. This could create a network effect, attracting more users and liquidity and potentially drawing in other DeFi protocols focused on multi-network presence rather than developing proprietary chains. As seen below, Uniswap has about 14M cumulative users spread across the multiple networks it is deployed on, depicted below in Figure 7. Thus, consolidating this user base could create an unmatched DeFi hub.

Figure 7 – Uniswap Users and New Users

Source: Dune

For Ethereum, Unichain’s launch may lead to a reduction in revenue, as Uniswap has been a significant contributor to transaction fees on the mainnet. Consequently, this could further decrease Ethereum’s deflationary activity. However, if an explosion of activity occurs, we can expect a surge in the amount of ETH used by L2s to settle their activity on the mainnet.

To recap, Uniswap’s evolution into Unichain represents a pivotal shift for the UNI token, transforming it from a governance-focused asset into a multifaceted, value-generating instrument. This transition elevates UNI’s status in the crypto ecosystem, positioning it competitively alongside established proof-of-stake tokens like ETH.

What’s happening this week?

Source: Forex Factory, 21Shares

Research Newsletter

Each week the 21Shares Research team will publish our data-driven insights into the crypto asset world through this newsletter. Please direct any comments, questions, and words of feedback to research@21shares.com

Disclaimer

The information provided does not constitute a prospectus or other offering material and does not contain or constitute an offer to sell or a solicitation of any offer to buy securities in any jurisdiction. Some of the information published herein may contain forward-looking statements. Readers are cautioned that any such forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and involve risks and uncertainties and that actual results may differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements as a result of various factors. The information contained herein may not be considered as economic, legal, tax or other advice and users are cautioned to base investment decisions or other decisions solely on the content hereof.

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